Essay on A Theater of My Own - 991 Words

A Theater of My Own nbsp; My grandmother, Annie was a seanchai, an Irish storyteller. She was the only great actor I have known intimately. Her stage was the kitchen of her cottage in the West of Ireland and her stories were about her friends and neighbors. She recreated their trials and triumphs and with her talent for mimicry accorded each a speaking part. Her one woman show held me spellbound. She commanded my tears and fits of laughter depending on the content of her story or dictated by a whim. It was she who made me stage-struck years before I even saw a stage. nbsp; I was thirteen before I acted my first conventional role. My high school English teacher, Mrs. Doyle, directed us in Strindbergs Motherlove. I played the†¦show more content†¦The self deprecating wit prevalent throughout his works was reminiscent of the Irish sense of humor. I read every one of his books available in our school library and then moved on to the Boston Public Library where I discovered the story telling gifts of his brother I.J. Singer and his contemporary, Chaim Grade. Having exhausted the English language collection of Yiddish writers, I became determined to explore their works in their original form. nbsp; Upon entering university, I decided to concentrate my studies on the language and literature of Yiddish. Although no Yiddish courses were offered at Boston University, the University Professors Program allowed me to design my own course of study. I studied Yiddish and Hebrew at Hebrew College, the National Yiddish Book Center, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Harvard University. nbsp; It was Yiddish and another dynamic teacher that pointed me again toward the theater. Last year in what was to be the most exciting and challenging course of my college career, I studied Yiddish theater with Professor Ruth Wisse. My deepest understanding of the Yiddish language and literature came from her class. She began her lecture by putting a play in context and placing its author in world literature. The second half of class was devoted to reading carefully prepared works aloud with each student playing a different role. She pushed and prodded us until we came up with an intelligent and originalShow MoreRelatedBritish Craftsmanship Regarding the World of Theater620 Words   |  3 PagesEngland. My mother was a single given that, my father had passed away towards the end of world war two. Her dream was apparent as the summer rain, to see her little, gorgeous daughter do what she could never achieve. She wanted me to perform just one play in a theater, it didnt matter to her, how short it would be provided I get there. At the tender age of seven, she began to teach me basics of the theater world. I have to admit this was one of the hardest things I ever did in my life, at my unwillingRead MoreTheatrical Application For Theatrical Work1658 Words   |  7 PagesTheatrical Application What do you think of when you hear the word â€Å"theater†? You might immediately think of Shakespeare, you might think of actors, singers and dancers, or you may even think of a movie theatre. Whatever it is that may come to mind, you might not realize the beneficial impact that participation in theatrical programs can have on just about anyone. I myself have gained from participation. The benefits of theater are many and can range from developing personal and professional skillsRead MoreThe Performance Of The Nielson Company1552 Words   |  7 Pagesin large revenues for the producers and theaters. 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This perspective can be a challenge to express whenRead MoreHamlet Cause and Effect Essay1716 Words   |  7 Pagesexacts revenge on his uncle Claudius for murdering the old King Hamlet, Claudiuss own brother and Prince Hamlets father, and then succeeding to the throne and marrying Gertrude, the King Hamlets widow and mother of Prince Hamlet (Hamlet†).† Shakespeare’s main objective was to impress his Elizabethan audience because entertainment through theater was extremely important to everyone in the era (Elizabethan Theater). Shakespeare successfully captivated an Elizabethan audience with this productionRead MoreEssay On Social Media Audit929 Words   |  4 PagesFor my social media audit, I have decided to do it on the company AMC Theaters since it is one of my favorite places to go to. The company’s website is https://www.amctheatres.com/. I found this company’s website by googling it on Google Chrome. Based on the opening menu, the website is targeting fans of superhero movies since it features a large image of Spider-Man. There is a slide show in the main menu that features the most recent movies coming out and promotion to become a â€Å"AMC Stubs Member†Read MoreThe Powerful Antonin Artaud1617 Words   |  6 Pagesto expressing himself artistically, even if it meant he had to work twice as hard as anyone else to be heard and understood. As such, Artaud’s work in the theater gives us a sense that anything is possible. His writing, directing and conceptualizing are evidence of his inability to be bound or limited in any sort of artistic way. Artaud’s theater is one full of possibilities and unexplored territories. As Artaud himself said, â€Å"If there is still one hellish, truly accursed thing in our time, it is our

Information Systems Alumni Questionnaire Free Essays

Figure 4 shows the size of the company. Figure 4: Size of the Company Size of the Company 3% From 1 to 10 employees 61% From 11 to 50 employees 5 From 51 to 100 employees More than 100 employees Most of the alumni who answered the survey (74. 2%) work for a company that is located in Puerco Rich. We will write a custom essay sample on Information Systems Alumni Questionnaire or any similar topic only for you Order Now Figure 5 shows the company location. Figure 5: Company Location Company Location A foreign country Continental USA Puerco Rich 74% The vast majority of the alumni who answered the survey (90. 3%) indicated that the location where they work is in Puerco Rich. Figure 6 shows the distribution. Figure 6:Job Location Job Location 90% 6 Most of the alumni who answered the survey (77%) are male. Figure 7 shows the distribution. Figure 7: Gender Gender 23% Female Male 77% 7 Frequency distributions In this research, two main areas were analyzed. The first area addressed the career and professional accomplishments of the PR-RPR CICS alumni, which purpose is to measure the achievement of the program’s objectives. The second area addressed the abilities gained from the Information Systems education, which purpose is to measure the achievement of the program’s outcomes. Frequency distribution of the objectives of the program Eight career and professional accomplishments statements in the survey have he intention to measure the five objectives of the IGRP-RPR CICS program. Objectives one, two, and five are determined using two different career and professional accomplishment statements. Objectives three and four are evaluated with only one career and professional accomplishment statement. There is one independent variable for each career and professional accomplishment statement. A four-point Liker scale was used to measure each career and professional accomplishment. The scale consists of â€Å"Very frequently’, â€Å"Frequently’, â€Å"Sometimes†, and â€Å"Never’. From the program’s objective perspective, the results show that in a sample of 31 alumni, most who participated in the study felt that they: Sometimes implement and manage information systems in an organization. Very frequently apply technological, analytical, and critical thinking skills in the solution of problems related to information systems in organizations. Very frequently take into consideration the context in which information systems operate, when implementing and managing these systems. Very frequently maintain his professional expertise by updating his knowledge in technology and information systems. Very frequently perform his functions showing respect and appreciation for ethical values, interpersonal relationships, communication, and team work. Table 1 shows the frequency distribution of the objectives of the PR-RPR CICS program where the sample is 31. Figure 8 shows a column chart of the frequency distribution of the objectives from Table 1 . Frequency distribution of the outcomes of the program There are ten outcomes for the PR-RPR CICS program. Each outcome is understood to be the ability that the alumni developed or gained while studying for their Bachelor’s degree. There 8 re ten questions or survey items regarding to those abilities to measure the program’s outcomes. Each survey items from this section helps assess the effectiveness of the PR-RPR CICS program’s achievement of an outcome of the program. There is one independent variable for each statement that measures the abilities developed from the Information Systems education. A four-point Liker scale was used to evaluate each of the ten statements addressing the abilities gained from the Information Systems education. The scale consists of â€Å"Highly effective†, â€Å"Very effective†, â€Å"Moderately effective†, and â€Å"Not effective†. From the program’s outcomes perspective, the results show that in a sample of 31 alumni, most who participate in the study felt that they are: Highly effective in the ability to analyze an operation within an organization, identify problems and make recommendations to solve these problems. Very effective in the ability to select or design a system to solve the problems identified in an operation. Very effective in the ability to plan and supervise the implementation of a system that solves the problems identified in an operation. Very effective in the ability to use current techniques, skills, tools and best raciest to design, implement and manage information systems. Very effective in the ability to understand the impact that organizational, local and global environments have in the implementation and management of information systems. Both highly effective and very effective in the ability to value the protection of information system resources in an organization, and to identify ways in which this protection can be achieved. Highly effective in the ability to be aware of the high level of change in the Information Systems field, and the need to use different mechanisms to update your knowledge. Highly effective in the ability to recognize the importance of ethical values and interpersonal relationships in an information systems professional. How to cite Information Systems Alumni Questionnaire, Papers

Develop Organizational Marketing Objectives

Question: The speculation to widen new brands and achieving ownership for recognized products are on the vein. The continuous focus on cost and efficiency with the divergent interest to reconfigure the circulation and manufacturing is exactly revealed in their operations Answer: 1. Profile Of Cadbury Cadbury was originated before 200 years when John Cadbury has opened his shop in Birmingham selling cocoa and chocolates with other glossary. It started its operation in India in 1948 by importing chocolates and distributing in the Indian market. Cadbury Indiais a company of food products which produces chocolates, beverages, confectionery, candy and snacks. Cadbury is the market leader in India in chocolate industry with 70% of market share. The well-known Cadbury products are Dairy Milk, 5 Star, Perk, Gems, Bournvita and Temptations. 1.1 Vision: The vision statement of Cadbury is Our vision is to be the biggest and the best confectionary company in the world. 1.2 Mission: The mission statement is To deliver superior shareholder returns. The top priority shows to capability, growth and efficiency. The concentration of organizational procedure is delivered on premium global and regional brands. The speculation to widen new brands and achieving ownership for recognized products are on the vein. The continuous focus on cost and efficiency with the divergent interest to reconfigure the circulation and manufacturing is exactly revealed in their operations. The organizational objective reveals their efficiency on guarantee providedto investors and customers. It has reinforced them to a pure-play confectionary business. The business operations of Cadburys are highly value oriented which concentrates on their performance, responsibility, integrity, respect and quality. The local and global legal and cultural standards of Cadbury are revealed in their basic business principles and code of ethics conduct. They are more considerable on their demographic locations. Their leadership style is aggressive which focuses on competitive domination over competitors and there are more passionate at the best. The leadership style concentrates on developing human resources, accountability, values, flexibility, innovation, motivation and collaboration which help to develop their business. The Cadburys research and development concentrates on innovative ideas through insights and foresights of customers and trends. The millions of customers feedback are considered as an input for innovations. They tend to apprehend the similarities of various market operations. During innovation their operations are always science centered. The implementation of brand new communication techniques helps to interact to customers with their favorite brands. The incorporation of applying everything in innovative formats, new recipe using new technology are pursue in the growth. The innovative communication campaigns are performed to organize sponsorship and marketing programs. 1.3 Purpose and Value: The core purpose of Cadbury is to Create brands that people love. The values of Cadbury are performance, quality, respect, integrity and responsibility. Performance they are obsessive about winning. They compete in a tough way but follow ethical values. They are organized to take risks and perform faster. Quality safety and quality are ensured at the heart of their all activities. Respect they act genuinely for their businesses and colleagues. They listen, understand and respond. They are friendly, open and welcoming. Integrity they have their own principles which are clear and they do it what they say. Responsibility they are socially, economically and environmentally responsible for the impact. This is the core purpose and value of Cadbury India to make business, partners and communities better for the future. Organizational Directions: Cadbury India has a strong belief in endorsing cultural diversity and equality along with the employees and it is followed throughout the organization. It has effectively broken down the barriers existed in communication between the employees and the management and thereby opens up two way communication channel which flows in both the directions. Managers are always approachable by the employees and they offer their complete support and motivation to employees in order to complete their job. The work culture at Cadbury India is not only performance driven but also integrates workplace fun. People are proud to be a part of globally admired company and to be connected with one of the most popular brands in India. Passion for People concept in Cadbury India is a prearranged program which assists to prepare line managers to be efficient and impactful people managers. It focuses on confining the nature of work culture which helps to create right climate, retains what is unique, team motivation and achieving greater results. Purple star program is an entry level leaders program which assists in training fresh people in organization. The rising competition in the fast moving consumer goods market has resulted in a mandatory committed workforce. Cadbury India believes that employees have the enthusiasm, commitment and force to achieve the goal. 1.4 Organizational Targets: The current market size of Indian chocolate industry is more than a billion dollars. Cadbury India Limited holds almost two-third (70%) of market share far ahead of its competitors Nestle and Amul in chocolate segment. The gross profit was up 21.3% to Rs. 42.7 billion from Rs. 35.2 billion previously. The net profit at Rs. 40.6 billion were up 20.8%. The gross profits are largely due to the pickup of sales in chocolates and wafer biscuits of Rs. 32.4 billion, malted foods of Rs. 6.42 billion, biscuits of Rs. 2.12 billion and hard boiled confectionary and gums comes into balance. The initial market value of Cadbury India was Rs. 1743 per equity share and later it was revised upwards to Rs. 2014.50 per equity share. 1.5 Marketing Objectives: Short Term: To position itself as an all-time favorite chocolate for all groups of people irrespective of age, gender and class. To make the sweets affordable with several variants. Long Term: Increasing the sales profit of Cadbury Diary Milk (CDM) Positioning the Cadbury Diary Milk as an alternative for traditional Indian sweets in order to grasp the rich tradition of Indian people linked with desserts. Retaining the market share throughout the years by product innovation in the areas of product development and packaging. 2. Situational Analysis: 2.1 Competitive Analysis: Nowadays, the Indian chocolate market is getting larger and better. Though there are imported varieties on one hand, companies like Cadbury establish their own products in the Indian market with international standards. In the early 90s the market share of Cadbury was 80% but after the entry of Nestle into Indian chocolate market the market share of Cadbury has been reduced to 70%. Nestle holds 15% of market share and the other 15% by Amul and other companies. There always exist a high competition between Cadbury and Nestle where Nestle is trying to have tough fight with Cadbury (Indian Mirror, 2011). Nestle has been linked with India since 1912. They started their first manufacturing unit in India in 1961 and they opened up 7 manufacturing units in India till 2006. Initially their products were beverages, nutrition, milk products and cooking aids. Later, they launched premium products such Bar One, Crunch, Milky Bar and other Milk Chocolates against Cadburys 5 star and Diary Milk (Nestle India Ltd, 2012). Kit Kat was established in India in 1995 and within the short period of its launching time it became popular and it was based on Nestls target. Cadbury has launched its Perk against the competition of Kit Kat in order to retain its brand. Kit Kat and Perk was a new product segment in wafer chocolates as anytime snacks. Amuls milk chocolate, crunch, Fruits N Nuts and Badam Bar were launched by Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF, 1974). But it failed to concentrate on international market and was not able to increase its market shares (GCMMF, 2001). 3. Legal And Ethical Requirements: 3.1 Codes of Practice: Codes of practice are recognized as set of recommended or ideal procedures, accomplishment or organizational structures to be applied in a specified situation. It endow with the details on how to attain the standards essential for work health and safety (WHS). Codes of practice of Cadbury India Limited addresses the financial aspects of corporate governance, boards of directors rights and their roles, review the structure, efficiency and accountability of shareholders and auditors. Itaddresses the various aspects of accountancy profession and provides reliable recommendations. 3.2 Cultural Expectations and Influences: Cultural expectations are defined as the clients or a group of clients trying to find out assistance from the organization, both the employees and clients embrace few expectations of what is needed in the future and what will be provided. Misunderstandings might occur when the employees or clients are not clarified. The expectations might be based on demographics, socio-economic, psychographic and stages of life cycle. Cultural influences are defined as historical, geographical and domestic factors that impacts evaluation and interference processes. Cultural influences that are significant to the client might include the clients racial identification, cultural bias, immigration history and status. Cadbury India has a strong belief in enhancing the cultural diversity and equality among the employees and it is followed throughout the organization. 3.3 Environmental Issues: It is defined as any change or modification to the environment, whether unfavorable or favorable, resulting from the activities of company, products or services. Cadbury India faced a media attack and sales decline due to the reports of worms in chocolate bars. Though the problem was on retail merchants, the company was in a position to solve the crisis, and fast. Company faced a great challenge to deal with the public opinion crisis due to their lack of experience. In order to rebuild the consumer trust and confidence in product quality, Cadbury took immediate step to improve their packaging to prevent from further infestation. They underwent a comprehensive media campaign which promoted trust and transparency (Epa.gov, 2011). 3.4 Ethical Principles: Ethics are defined as a set of moral principles that directs the behavior of an individual. It reflects on the belief about right, wrong, fair, unfair, good and bad in terms of human behavior. Cadbury India has a strong belief that good ethics and business go together naturally to produce long term results for the stakeholders. It does business in ethical way to safeguard and promote the company and also it does business with the people and communities that have good reputation. The programs such as Cadbury Cocoa Partnership and Purple Goes Green are their ethical standard programs (Hardeep Bikram, 2012). 3.5 Health and Safety the rules and procedures proposed to inhibit any accidents or injuries in workplaces or public environments. Each and every employeeis made to work under healthy and safety environment by providing necessary precautions such as gloves, face masks and other health and safety accessories. 3.6 Legislation it is defined as the process of generating or endorsing laws. The legislation at Cadbury India is endorsed by the Food Safety Legislation and it is followed as per the legislation without any violations. 3.7 Policies and Guidelines a set of policies are principles, rules and guidelines formed or implemented by the company to attain its long term goals or objectives and naturally announced in a booklet which is accessible widely by everyone. Cadburys policies and guidelines are published every year and it is revised whenever the additional changes are implemented in the policies and guidelines. 3.8 Regulations it is defined as a rule or instruction made and maintained by the authorities. It is also an action or progression of regulation. The activities at Cadbury India are ensured that it is followed by the rules and regulations that are compiled by food safety legislation and no harm is applicable to any of the individuals, public and communities. 3.9 Security and Privacy Issues it is defined as the principle of maintaining secure and secret from other individuals, information provided by or about an individual in the course of a professional relationship. At Cadbury India they respect the security and privacy of personal information about individuals. They are more secured in collecting, using, disclosing and managing personal information about the individuals (Grant Bruce, 2002). 3.10 Social Responsibility it is defined as an obligation of company to be responsible to all of its stakeholders in all of its functions and operations. Cadbury India has taken several initiatives for the benefits of society. There are various activities involved by Cadbury India and one of the most important corporate social responsibilities was addressing some of the problems in Baddi Sandholi Village. Their activities have benefited 400 families in Sandholi village and about 70 school going children. 3.11 Societal Expectations it is defined as an adopted social norm for organizations and individuals, and for society as a whole, about what people have to do. Cadbury India is economically, legally, ethically and philanthropically responsible to society. Cadbury India is profitable every year, maximizes sales, minimizes costs, obey laws and regulations, do what is right and fair and act as good corporate company. They have developed a practice of public conversation and joint action for meaningful activities. 4. Developing Marketing Objective: Marketing objectives are important within a marketing strategy that creates attention among clients and also helps to grasp the attention of public to keep the business surviving. It helps to set out what a firm wants to achieve from the activities of marketing. The marketing objectives for Cadbury India have been developed and they are as follows: Survival of Brandit is one of the important objectives for any businesses. Lack of survival means no today and no future. The business circumstances should be considered important for survival of brand. The circumstances can be of early stage, difficult stage and take-over stage. Maximization of profit it is often considered to be the reason for the existence of firm and to be the significant objective in practices. According to the hierarchy of objectives when the firms survival is threatened, profit maximization restores the financial health of the firm. Sales Growth it refers the business goal to become larger, stronger and more competitive. Sales growth is important for survival, launch of new products, to reduce businesses risk and to have low costs. Diversification it is often considered as a protection against downturns in a single industry or method used to grow the business. It does not eliminate risks; however it is just a tool which minimizes the risk in the investments. It reduces the dependence on one product and eliminates the business risks. Improving Brand Image Branding touches and interconnect with all the business operations such as marketing, production and sales. The ideal customers identifies that they are being persuaded and they know what to expect from the products or services. It creates positive thought in the minds of customers. These are the primary marketing objectives which are capable, ethical, legal, measurable, observable and attainable for the firm to achieve. 5. Risk Management Strategy: 5.1 Identifying Risks: A strong marketing objective is a core component for the success of an organization. But communicating a message to customers becomes more mystifying and difficult due to the barriers that occur behind the scenes during planning and implementation of marketing objectives. Following are the barriers that affect the marketing objective of an organization: Dilemma between strategy and business tactics Quarantining the functions of marketing from operations Dilemma between functions and concepts of marketing Organizational barriers Absence of exhaustive analysis Dilemma between procedure and input Absence of knowledge and skills Absence of efficient approach to marketing planning Failure to prioritize the marketing objectives Aggressive corporate cultures 5.2 Managing Contingencies: It is essential to overcome the barriers and implement the marketing objectives. Following methods helps to overcome the barriers and manages to run the process efficiently. Applying rational approach to execution it is essential for the managers to use logical model to direct the execution decisions and actions. Logical model assist the managers what steps to take and when to take. Need for integration integration are absolutely important for the efficiency or market-related goals of the organization. People in various functions frequently view the world differently: RD, Production and sales. Coordinating all these functions to achieve common goal is difficult. Still, it is important to overcome the barriers. Explaining responsibilities it is difficult for the managers to coordinate the team unless their responsibilities and accountabilities are clear. Applying responsibility matrix or simple tool can help to define the tasks and activities and people responsible for the tasks. Creating incentives and controls efficiently incentives and controls are important for the successful implementation of marketing objectives. Motivation and valid feedback control play an important part in the implementation effort Managing the change making the changes that are essential for process execution and overcoming the resistance is the final step in the process. Managing change is a complex process, but successful execution depends on it. These are the significant considerations in risk management strategy. Though its challenging, it is important to focus on these strategies for successful implementation. 6. Swot Analysis Of Cadbury Dairy Milk (CDM): 6.1 Strength: Dairy milk is the major strength of Cadbury and it is the most consumed chocolate in India irrespective of age, gender and class. Dairy milk has well-adjusted itself to Indian custom Popular Indian models like Cyrus Brocha, Preety Zinta and Amitabh Bachan has managed to portray a young and sporty image which has ended in converting buyers from other brands Customers have a positive perception about the quality of product Dairy milk has repositioned itself in all the categories. 6.2 Weaknesses: Lack of penetration in the rural market has made people to ignore it as a high end product It has been relatively priced high product which is turning the price conscious customers away People avoid having the chocolate thinking about the ingredients such as egg. 6.3 Opportunities: The rise of chocolate market has seen a greatest increase (almost 30%) in the recent times There exist a more growth potential for the chocolates since the huge population in India even today does not consume chocolates can be converted as new users 6.4 Threats: There exist no brand loyalty in the chocolate market and consumers might shift to a new product since there is availability of more chocolates in the Indian market New chocolates are launched and existing brands also introduces new variant to add up to an already overcrowded market. Increase in the fuel cost has led to the increase in transportation and distribution cost. Similarly, cost of procurement and distribution is high as well. Constant rise in the cost has led to increase in price of product which creates a gap for other companies to enter. Rise of health consciousness prefer people to avoid chocolates. Similarly, parents avoid chocolates to children due to the adverse effects Decline in the importance of festivals has reduced the purchase of chocolates during festivals Increased demand and growing purchasing power has reduced the value of chocolates References: Epa.gov, 2011, Environmental Aspects, accessed Grant Kelly Bruce McKenzie, 2002, Security, Privacy and Confidentiality Issues, accessed Hardeep Singh Bikram Pal Singh, 2012, Ethical Values and Business Ethics in Multinational Companies in India in Context of Globalization: An Empirical Study, Jim Riley, 2010, Explain the role of Marketing Objectives, accessed Julie Rains, 2011, Why Brand Image is Important to the Tiniest of Businesses, accessed Koichi Hasegawa, Chika Shinohara Jeffrey P. Broadbent, 2007, The Effects of Social Expectation on the Development of Civil Society in Japan, Lawrence Hrebiniak, 2008, Making Strategy Work: Overcoming The Obstacles to Effective Execution, Marketing91.com, 2014, SWOT Analysis of Cadbury, accessed Malcolm McDonald, 1989, Ten Barriers to Marketing Planning, accessed Neil Kokemuller, 2013, Diversification and its Importance, accessed Ruchin.org, 2013, Annual Report, accessed Santhosh Gupta, 2011, Cadbury Company with Respect to its Marketing Strategy, accessed Sarah Clark, 2003, How to Transform Consumer Opinion when Disaster Strikes / The 2003 Cadbury India Worm Infestation, accessed SunandaChavan, 2010, SWOT Analysis of Cadbury, accessed VijayalakshmiIyengar, 2012, Corporate Social Responsibility as a determinant of market strategic issues: An exploratory study, accessed Yahoofinance.com, 2012, The Importance of Diversification, accessed

Slave Dbq free essay sample

Africans were bought to America and sold to Americans as workers. It wasnt long before slavery became a controversial issue. Over the course of almost two and a half centuries the debate of weather to continue or abolish slavery went on. The supporters and the abolitionist had their arguments on how they viewed slavery, and the government played their part too. Those who supported slavery were for the most part southerners. Senator John C. Calhoun states that slavery is a positive good.He says that through slavery, the conditions Of the races improved physically, morally, and intellectually and the two races of black and white were brought together. Calhoun also says that the living conditions for the slaves were good and they were taken care of. But in reality, the slaves were living in shacks fearing for their lives and hoping not to get beaten by their slave owner after a long hard day of working in the blistering sun on the plantations (document 2). We will write a custom essay sample on Slave Dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another man against the abolition of slavery is Chancellor Harper.According to Harper, the emancipated slaves would harm the economy of the United States and Europe. This is because he believed that the free laborers would strike against working for higher pays and they wouldnt do their jobs, thus affecting the trade. The slaves did get paid but very low amounts compared to the hard work that they put into their jobs (document 3). Those were some arguments of people who supported slavery and believed that it should be contain due. People who didnt believe in slavery are known as abolitionist.

Branch Davidians and the Waco, Texas Massacre

Branch Davidians and the Waco, Texas Massacre For more than fifty days, FBI agents were stationed outside Mount Carmel Center, the headquarters of the religious cult called the Branch Davidians.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Branch Davidians and the Waco, Texas Massacre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They were waiting for the groups charismatic leader David Koresh to stand down and order his followers to lay down their arms and surrender to the overwhelming force that has surrounded their compound. But as time breached the deadline set by the FBI, David Koresh and his followers were intent to wait out to be certain that what they are going to do next is in line with prophetic utterances made a few years earlier. They were willing to wait for divine instructions but the federal government and the FBI who did not understand the worldview of the Branch Davidians and therefore they could not wait any longer and they believed that they were justified to use force. If only they knew the aftermath of the assault they would have made a different decision. Background A historical background is needed to at least make sense of the numerous and sometimes conflicting accounts of what really happened in the aftermath of the final attack on Mount Carmel center in April 19, 1993.[1] It has to be pointed out that this group did not come out of nowhere; in fact, the origin of the Branch Davidians can help explain why Koresh was able to hold sway over a group of people and ultimately led many of them to their death. This group came from a splinter sect that broke away from a Christian denomination known all over the world as the Seventh-Day Adventist Church (SDA).[2] The SDA is known for â€Å"their belief in the imminent return of Jesus Christ to earth, for their special vegetarian dietary restrictions and for their retention of Saturday as their Sabbath.†[3] Those who are aware of the practices of the SDA can ascertain that the Branch Davidians came from the SDA. This does not mean that the SDA is responsible for what happened at Waco but at least it provides a backdrop that will help understand how and why the splinter group used some of the ideas and doctrines they had at SDA and shaped it into their own. Nevertheless, it can also be said that these two groups were linked by: â€Å"†¦historical roots, the origins of their members, their name, their identity, and their apocalyptic preoccupations, idiom, and paranoias.†[4] Once again it must be reiterated that the SDA is not responsible for creating the Waco debacle and yet it is also clear that David Koresh learned much from them, especially when it comes to their strong interests with regards to apocalyptic events.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The breakaway sect was founded by a man named Victor Houteff who was an SDA member since 1919. But after more or less ten years of membership Houteff began to express his disappointment with the errors he found in the doctrines of SDA and so he wrote a book entitled The Shepherds Rod in 1930.[5] But more than that Houteff believed that he was a messenger sent by God and in 1935 he founded the Mount Carmel center, the same facility that would figure prominently in news headlines fifty years later. Houteff called his group the Davidian Sevent-Day Adventist and after World War II he began to recruit members outside the United States. But in 1955 he died and soon after his wife took over the vacant leadership position and she made a prophecy that the world will end on April 22, 1959. When the supposedly dreadful day came and nothing happened many members began to desert the group. The organization almost disintegrated due to the failure of the prophecy but a man named Benjamin Roden assumed control of the group and he renamed it the General Association of Davidian Seventh-D ay Adventists.[6] After his death his wife Lois and son George took over. The year 1981 was a significant year for the group because during this time a man named Vernon Howell joined the group; he was 21 years old and he became the groups handyman.[7] Three years later Vernon Howell married the daughter of a prominent member of the community, her name was Rachel Jones and a power struggle ensued between George Roden and Howell.[8] But Vernon Howell came out on top and in 1985 he spearheaded a drive to recruit members abroad.[9] The strategy that he used to recruit was interesting because he targeted former SDA members who were disgruntled with the SDA.[10] Nevertheless, Howell achieved success in this regard especially when he went to the United Kingdom. He was able to convince a number of British citizens to come and join him. In the aftermath of the final raid it was discovered that thirty-three out of the eighty two followers who died at Waco, Texas were British.[11] The recruitm ent plan was not only limited to England but was also aimed at Canada and Australia, after a successful round of recruitment the membership of the Branch Davidians can be said to be multi-racial ad multi-ethnic of whom 45 were black.[12] It was also during this time that Vernon Howell decided to change his name so that he will be known henceforth as David Koresh. He had his name legally changed and submitted a court document that explains that the purpose for dong so was â€Å"for publicity and business purposes.†[13]Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Branch Davidians and the Waco, Texas Massacre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The group was know known as the Students of the Seven Seals and correctly interpreted as students of the scroll protected by the seven seals.[14] The name Branch Davidians was not an official name that the group adopted but it was what the Waco Tribune-Herald used extensively t o refer to them.[15] Aside from going to different countries to look for new members Koresh also traveled to the land of Israel in 1985 and this experience added another dimension to the group. According to some experts there is a phenomenon called the Jerusalem Syndrome that sometimes develops after a pilgrimage in the holy city.[16] A year after his visit, Koresh began to refer to himself as the â€Å"Sinful Messiah.†[17] It is easy to generalize the whole group based on the thought pattern, activities, achievements and the declarations made by their leader. From an outsider’s point of view Koresh has no value as far as the normal standard of what constitutes a productive citizen is concern. He has no real job, he was no entrepreneur and he was not a professional. Thus, it is easy to conclude that his members came from the same mould. As one reporter had insinuated during the crisis and wrote the following: Cults such as the Branch Davidians attracted the lonely, the lost, the unloved and the naà ¯ve. Their members came from all over but had at least one thing in common: they were alienated from modern society and were searching for a replacement. Many were society’s losers with nowhere else to go. Others sought spiritual salvation and believed they would discover it by joining a cult. A few, like George Roden, were simply mad.[18] This sweeping statement cannot be used to describe every member of the Branch Davidians. There are those whom one can consider to be of good standing in the community and men of great achievement, for example Wayne Martin, one of the followers of Koresh was a Harvard-trained lawyer while Steve Schneider the group’s spokesperson had a master’s degree from the University of Hawaii and Livingstone Fagan had a degree from the Manchester Metropolitan University and at the same time a trained Seventh-day Adventist pastor.[19] Understanding Davidian Theology No one outside the Branch Davidian cult can clearly explain what David Koresh was trying to say – his prophecies as well as his declarations. He clearly had his own system of interpretation. Nevertheless, it is important to try to understand what he said in order to determine if FBI and the ATF were justified in storming the gates so to speak that resulted not only in the death of Koresh but dozens of members including women and children. The type of Biblical study that Koresh seem to be passionate about is referred to as apocalyptic. In the last few years of his life Koresh was obsessed with the Book of Revelation the last book of the Christian bible and it was believed to be written by the Apostle John.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this book there is an important section that deals with a scroll or book with seven seals and the person who can break the seal is the one who will be able to read and understand these books and the fact that they are sealed means it is of utmost importance. However, the bible says that no one was able to break the seal.[20] As one reads this particular passage in the Book of Revelation one can feel a sense of urgency and suspense not knowing what will happen next. But this feeling quickly passes because in just a few verses the One who is able to break the seal was revealed and he is none other than the Lamb.[21] In the case of the members of the Davidian cult there is no need to ask who is the Lamb and there is no need to experience an acute sense of anticipation for his coming because they knew who the Lamb is and who can open the seal. He is not a spiritual being but made of flesh. He is human and he is none other than their beloved leader – David Koresh.[22] But Chris tians all over the world will sneer at this remark because they will also argue that the Lamb is none other than Christ. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible repeatedly discussed the need to offer a sacrificial lamb for the sins of the people. This was ingrained into mainstream culture after the release of movies like the Ten Commandments wherein one can see the blood of the lamb painted on doorposts and the consumption of a roasted lamb as a means to preserve the Hebrew slaves from impending doom. This act and this symbolism were easily understood as a sacrifice that is acceptable to God. In the New Testament of the Christian Bible the prophet John the Baptist pointed to Jesus and said that he is the lamb of God that will take away the sin of the world.[23] In other numerous instances in the New Testament one can also the reference to Jesus Christ as the lamb of God.[24] It is therefore puzzling why Koresh would claim to be the Lamb of God. But the moment he was convinced that he is indeed the One who can break the seals as mentioned in the Book of Revelations and the moment that he had followers who believed in what he said then the sky was the limit in terms of what he thinks can be done through his actions. The following is an excerpt that Koresh gave in an interview with a reporter from Time magazine and he made the following assertions: I offer to you my wisdom, I offer to you my sealed secrets. How dare you turn away? My invitations of mercy †¦ Who are you fighting against? The law is mine, the truth is mine †¦ I am your God and you will bow under my feet †¦ I am your life and your death. I am the Spirit of the prophets and the author of their testimonies. Look and see, you folls, you will not proceed much further. Do you think you have power to stop my will? †¦ My seven thunders are to be revealed †¦ Do you want me to laugh at your pending torments? Do you want me to pull the heavens back and show you my anger? †¦ Fear me, for I have you in my snare †¦ I forewarn you, the Lake Waco area of Old Mount Carmel will be terribly shaken. The waters of the lake will be emptied through the broken dam.[25] Even the most objective assessment of Koresh’ words will lead to the conclusion that this man needed help because he believed that he is equal to God. At the same time he needed to check himself into a mental facility because he does not only deluded into thinking that he is God but he also believes that he has the power to destroy the Lake Waco Area referring to the water that comes from a nearby dam and therefore hinting at the destruction of this facility. It is not only the message of doom that forced the federal government and the people surrounding the siege to act quickly, without a doubt their actions were influenced by how the Waco Tribune-Herald portrayed Koresh as the archetypal cult leader, â€Å"a man whose hold over his followers was complete, to the point of his being able, if he so wised, to order them to commit suicide† and therefore the need to stop this madmen from leading people to their untimely deaths.[26] For those who stand in the foundation laid by the U.S. Constitution, specifically the First Amendment there is nothing wrong with what Koresh was babbling about. Even if Koresh believed himself to be the devil the federal government cannot and should not curtain his freedom to express himself and the kind of religion that he will adhere to. It is therefore important to stress that the federal government agents who stormed Mount Carmel Center did not breached the facility because they were not in agreement with the Branch Davidians’ rhetoric but they did so on the other grounds. It is therefore crucial to take note of the fact that the agents wanted to arrest Koresh because of the legality of some of his actions. The First Attempt On February 28, 1993 a seventy-six strong and heavily armed ATF agents were in an eighty vehicle convoy going to Mount Carmel center just outside Waco, Texas.[27] For the past several months ATF acted on a tip that the Branch Davidians were purchasing illegal firearms materials and this was allegedly for the purpose of converting AR-15 semiautomatic rifles into machine guns.[28] This was not allowed according to the law because the Branch Davidians were supposed to report this to the government and they had to pay the required fees and since they did not, ATF was obliged to get them and force them to pay for their offenses. If only they knew what was in store for them the ATF may have reconsidered their decision to play hardball with the Branch Davidians. The ATF agents carried with them a search and arrest warrant.[29] They also brought with them two cattle trailers pulled by pickup trucks and these two were filled with ATF assault forces and these were driven quickly in front of the headquarters of the Branch Davidians to unload its cargo of lethal force while at the same time two b lack hawk helicopters came out of nowhere possibly as a means to intimidate the inhabitants to surrender to the authorities.[30] All of these can be ascertained but what soon followed was disputed by both sides.[31] According to David Koresh he shouted at the incoming ATF agents that there were women and children inside the building and so he told them to get back for he was ready to negotiate but he added that the ATF agents[32] replied with burst of gunfire. His assertion was strengthened by a 911 call asking the authorities to stop the violence. The ATF agents on the other hand said that they identified themselves and shouted to Koresh that they had a warrant but all of a sudden they were cut off by a hail of bullets and the reason why they had to fire back.[33] It was a bloody initial attack. When the sound of crackling gunfire was over in the said initial attack four federal law enforcement agents were killed by the Branch Davidians.[34] Six Branch Davidians members were killed by the agents.[35] In just a matter of hours the whole thing was transferred to the hands of the FBI.[36] There were negotiations made and Koresh released ten children. The Media The Waco Tribune-Herald played an important role in the debacle because before the first raid by the Bureau of Alcohol and Tobacco and Firearms the Waco Tribune-Herald already had an idea that such an assault will be made and who was the target of the raid. As a result on February 27 a day before the ATF tried to serve the warrant to search and seized evidence of illegal activities, the Waco Tribune-Herald released a report entitled The Sinful Messiah.[37] In the said report the Branch Davidian was reduced to nothing but a scary cult where the leader is an expert in brainwashing and has managed to control the members to follow him blindly. In other words the Waco Tribune-Herald had a hand in demonizing the obscure sect and propelled them to world prominence. Aside from that the Waco Tribune-Herald released details that painted an image of David Koresh as a sex pervert who seemed to have his own harem – a collection of wives who were still married to his followers and if this was not enough according to the report Koresh had the propensity to have sexual intercourse with girls as young as 12 years old.[38] This means that if proven true Koresh is not only stockpiling illegal firearms but also guilty of statutory rape. However, the evidence is still sketchy with regards to this part of the Branch Davidians’ story. It can also be said that the Waco Tribune-Herald helped create a scenario that made it extremely difficult for the FBI and ATF agents to sit idly while Koresh continued with his propaganda regarding his belief that he is the messiah and that the end of the world is near. This is because after the initial attack CNN broadcasted all over the world images of dead ATF agents being retrieved while the agents of the federal government seemed in retreat. For example th ere were footages and images were played over and over again on TV screens around the globe.[39] It could have been a simple hostage negotiations but it is no longer possible to simply talk to David Koresh and his men because now they have to answer to the deaths of the agents in the first raid. On the other hand the Branch Davidians were an obscure sect before this incident and after their headquarters was seen on TV the group achieved a level of notoriety that made their name synonymous to religious fanaticism while at the same time earned sympathies from those who see the government as an intrusive entity that will try to bend the law with regards to the First Amendment. The Government The Federal Government was drawn into the destructive saga because of the belief that the government is supposed to enforce rules but it turned out that the government was not helping the situation. It was the height of irony that the Federal Government will act as fire accelerant to the flame beca use their presence convinced Branch Davidians that biblical prophecies was about to come to pass. The more that the FBI tried to end the siege by force the more that they gave ammunition to David Koresh without knowing it. The government had a narrow perspective with regards to the Branch Davidian problem. For the FBI negotiators Koresh and his men could not talk about anything of substance and so their frustration increases every passing day. The Branch Davidians on other hand went deeper into their paranoia that what they feared was about to come to pass. On the other side of the fence the FBI agents were also convinced that this paramilitary group is just doing everything in their power to elude capture and therefore the government has to act quickly. They approach the situation from a legal point of view and by being legalistic about it they could not figure out anything except to use their hostage and rescue team and other specialists to end the crisis using tools of warfare an d other tactics. The FBI negotiators did their part by connecting a private line between them and the Mount Carmel Center and through this line they were able to talk to Koresh or his spokesperson a man named Schneider.[40] In one report submitted to the Department of Justice authorities said that Koresh would often go into a two or three hour monologue.[41] This means that it was increasingly difficult for the FBI negotiators to influence Koresh to think about surrender. Hostage/Barricade After the immense blunder of the initial attack the Federal Bureau of Investigation were called to take over and they did. The firs thing that they had to do was to assess the situation and then formulate the right strategy to end the crisis. One of the first things that they had to do was to label the problem correctly and it has to be pointed out that in this case the FBI could not find the exact terminology to indicate what they are trying to deal with and therefore they came up with an awkward name for it and they said that it is a kind of a hostage situation.[42] However, the people inside the building could not be said to have been taken against their will. The FBI had to reassess their initial description of the situation and so someone said that it is a hybrid between a barricade and a hostage situation. If it is a barricade then the agents had no choice but to wait it out until the group surrenders out of exhaustion there would be no justification for storming in. But if it is a hostage situation and the agents feel that the hostage taker is going to harm the lives of the people then they have all the reasons needed to enter in using force. The Aftermath It was time for the second raid and this time around agents from the federal government made sure that all bases were covered. Armored vehicles punched holes into the walls and gas canisters were thrown inside the building and in the aftermath this is what can be seen: â€Å"†¦the compound was burnt to the gro und and at least 75 sect members, including Koresh and 25 children under 15 years of age were killed.†[43] The bloody end was once again broadcasted to the whole world and while there was a strong condemnation against a religious cult leader who allegedly abused his members, the result of the attack and the death of the children earned them sympathy. It did not take long before the word wanted to know why if the federal government did everything in its power to resolve the crisis without having to destroy the lives of the innocents. The images of the burning building and the death of the children created a wave of protest from those who suddenly saw the contrast between the story that they heard on the news and the actual event. Surely the group can be considered as communal religious sect that may have subscribed to bizarre practices and yet there is no reason why their lives must end this way. The red flames covered the building and no one knows what to do with the children trapped inside. This is perhaps the reason why the U.S. Constitution and the founders of this nation inserted the First Amendment; they must have known that someday people will be killed for their beliefs. The First Amendment The debacle at Waco presented to the world a unique case where religious freedom and the right to bear arms converged in the life of one group the Branch Davidians. It was a curious case because most of the time the world has to deal with religious freedom, the right to worship and the right to choose ones religion without interference from the government. However, there is an added element because this group did not only struggle for religious expression like the Old Order Amish or the Mennonites but this group also tried to make a point about their right to bear arms. From another perspective one can see that the Branch Davidians wanted to be left alone to pursue what they believe is the only way to lead their lives. If other religions are allowed to do so th en why is it that the federal government had a different outlook when it came to David Koresh and his followers? It can be said that the Old Order Amish of Iowa and other similar groups exerclised the same right and no one bothered them.[44] The existence of the Amish people is a celebration of the First Amendment and it is a testament to the power of the Constitution to create a diverse society without its citizens destroying themselves to create a much simpler society. This has been at the forefront of the Branch Davidian fiasco, was the federal government intent on wiping out a religion that would not conform to a more acceptable type of belief system? According to the Religious Studies Professor Rowland A. Sherrill: â€Å"Let’s not beat around the bush: Our first response to people who are religious in ways other than we are is to be irritated.†[45] He added that common views regarding religious people are that they are intolerant; that heaven is for a select few; and that they have a blind adherent to their religion that can be a source of annoyance or dread. The Waco Tribune-Herald, the government, and the people living within that particular community labeled them as a cult and there is no need to expound on the fact that this term carries with it a load of meaning that can surely illicit a negative response. This added to controversial image of the group. Others however contend that the use of the term cult can be easily abused or misused. Political scientists like Michael Barkun contends, however, that the term cult, â€Å"has become virtually meaningless, little more than a label slapped on religious groups regarded as too exotic, marginal or dangerous†, in the same way that English settlers used the label barbarian and applied it to the Native Americans of this country.[46] This is the question when it comes to the Branch Davidians, do they have the right to worship freely and even further, do they have the right to bear arms? I t is clear in the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that an American citizen has the right to own a weapon. The only question is what kind and how many? This is an issue that is not easy to resolve and it is evidenced by the number of books, articles, TV ads and speeches made because of the need to create a common ground – gun rights advocate are asking for more while those who had an aversion for gun toting citizens are asking for greater limits. One of their most popular supporters is actor Charlton Heston who spoke out in their behalf and said: Just about everything I hope is good about me – who I am, what I’ve tried to do – can be traced back to those smoking muskets and the radical declaration of independence by those ragtag rebels. Wearing threadbare coats and marching on bleeding feet, they defeated the finest army in the century, and they gave the world hope. Within them flowed an undertow of personal freedom, a relentless sense of what is right, so irresistibly strong they simply could not resist.[47] The fears of those who cry for gun control is repeatedly justified every year after news of indiscriminate shootings and the deaths of many due to firearms.[48] The Waco, Texas incident was no exception. On the other hand gun rights advocates made clear their own set of fears. It is not only their fear of being mugged and assaulted without the ability to defend themselves but also their fear of the government. There are those who said however, that this right and this talk of freedom from the First Amendment to the Second Amendment have been blown out of proportion. There are those who even contend that these ideals were taken from the militia myth created after the success of the American Revolution.[49] In other words there is no need to form a private army in this day and age but many cling stubbornly to the idea that they must be prepared at all times to defend themselves not only against intruders but a powerful g overnment. Groups like the Branch Davidians may also offer a counter-argument that their purchase of weapons is justified by the fact that the government has its standing army known as the National Guard. They may even argue that it is their right as an American citizen to be armed in order that no entity foreign or domestic can overwhelm them and take their freedom away from them. The need to bear arms was strengthened by the belief that a time will come that the federal government will try to limit the freedom of the people. The right to bear arms is also justified by the belief that only an armed populace can defend the U.S. Constitution against those who would try to tamper with it to serve their personal purposes. A general understanding of why private arms keeping should be allowed was expounded in the following argument: â€Å"†¦to deter tyranny and, if necessary, to overthrow it and restore the Constitution.†[50] Those who support this view will also add that a f ederal government â€Å"could become tyrannical† and it is the duty of the armed people to deal with the problem by being able to stage a revolt.[51] There is logic to the arguments made by gun rights advocate but in the case of the Branch Davidians and the Waco, Texas incident there is more to the issue other than the right to bear arms.[52] It is a confluence of the First Amendment and the Second Amendment rights. The difficulty in separating the two proved futile. And after the event it is easy for many people to judge what happened to the Branch Davidians from either of two perspectives: one will say that it is a violation of their right to free speech and religious worship while others will say that the government came in because of the weapons that they stockpiled within the Mount Carmel Center. Resolving the Crisis The negotiators worked diligently to establish rapport with Koresh but it was not an easy task, in fact it was an impossible task. The FBI asked the help of experts, even those who are familiar with biblical prophecy. There were also third parties who tried to get through Koresh. One of them is the station manager of a radio station based in Dallas who urged Koresh to surrender and ask for medical help.[53] The station manager also tried to convince the cult leader to release more children but instead of a favorable response Koresh started what authorities would later call as a mad rambling from a psycho and he would talk and talk about his religious views and he was oblivious to the fact that the station manager and his audience find his rhetoric unintelligible. Nevertheless, it was easy to understand that patience is needed and at first the government was willing to wait, willing to diffuse the situation and willing to resolve the crisis without using violence. But after weeks of doing nothing except to observe and listen to a boring monologue they were ready to consider anything new. It was discovered later that weeks before the fin al attack leaders in both Washington, D.C. and the FBI were increasingly frustrated over the delaying tactics of Koresh and his men. This was exacerbated by the fact that Koresh promised to stand down after March 2 but when the window of time given for his possible surrender began to close, the FBI was considering more drastic actions. On March 15, 1993 FBI agents began to draw up a new strategy to finally defeat Koresh. It was called a â€Å"modified negotiations strategy† and this was a new directive to the negotiators to be firm and to make Koresh surrender.[54] This also meant that they would no longer listen to what Koresh had to say, from that time forward the Branch Davidians had to show that they are willing to comply or the FBI will make their lives miserable. By doing so negotiations began to break down. At around the same time the FBI began to use â€Å"stress escalation† and harassment techniques.[55] Electricity was temporarily cut-off and then afterwards the FBI ordered that the power must be cut permanently.[56] The FBI were demanding and no longer listening to what Koresh had to say. The FBI would demand that Koresh should release more people and when he refused to comply they would retaliate with punitive measures.[57] Such as the use of searchlights during the night in the obvious attempt to keep the people inside the building from getting any sleep. Loud music were played during the night as loudspeakers continued to blare out irritating sounds.[58] However, these actions prompted a negative response. Instead of forcing Koresh and the people to leave the building they were pushing them deeper into their shell because now they believed that the government is evil and it only seeks their destruction. It can be argued that there could have been a better way to end the siege or hostage situation. The federal government and the FBI should have made a correct assessment of the situation by first determining correctly that there are t wo sides of the issues. First, the government has the right to regulate the use of weapons. It does not matter what others will say with regards to the ownership of guns and other high-powered weapons because it is clear that many had suffered from the misuse of weapons and therefore it is just proper for the government to enforce the law. Secondly, the federal government should have considered that this is a multi-part problem and that the Branch Davidians were not only stockpiling weapons but they were convinced that they are part of a communal religious group that believed in the imminent fulfillment of biblical prophecies. This should not be taken against them for this is what they believed. But more importantly the FBI should have realized that their presence and the failed entry of the ATF agents weeks beforehand was the signal for the Branch Davidians that the end of the world is near and that they were not seen as law enforcement agents but as enemies in the spiritual contex t. If this was insight of the federal government then they would have reconsidered their plan to use deadly force. Conclusion David Koresh and the Branch Davidians were arguably the victim of the media hype specifically the report written by the Waco Tribune-Herald. This report forced people to see them in a very negative light and put pressure on the government as well as the law enforcement agencies to bring David Koresh and his men to justice. In the process no one placed an emphasis on their right to worship in the way and form that they want to worship. Due to negative information that were broadcasted to outsiders and people who had no clear idea of what the Branch Davidians was all about the group was demonized. As a result there was an urgency to end the crisis by force. This is the reason why so many people were killed including women and children. If the negative reports did not influence the law enforcement agents who were responsible for resolving the crisis using non-le thal force then the story could have ended differently and the lives of the people would have been spared. Bibliography Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture  And the Law. California: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Crothers, Lane. Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to  Homeland Security. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2003. Edwards, Linda. A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Gibbs, Nancy, Michael Riley, Richard Woddbury. â€Å"The Branch Davidians: Oh, My God,They’re Killing Themselves.† Time Magazine Archives. Web. Kerstetter, Todd. God’s Country, Uncle Sam’s Land: Faith and Conflict in the American West. Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Kerstetter, Todd. â€Å"That’s Just the American Way: The Branch Davidian Tragedy and Western Religious History.† T he Western Historical Quarterly 35(2004): 453-471. Lawson, Ronald. â€Å"Seventh-Day Adventist Responses to Branch Davidian Notoriety: Patterns of Diversity within a Sect Reducing Tension with Society.† Journal for the Scientific Study  of Religion. 34(1995): 323-341. Morris, Leon. The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross. Massachusetts: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1984. Murray, Bruce. Religious Liberty in America: The First Amendment in Historical and  Contemporary Perspective. Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008. Newport, Kenneth. The Branch Davidians of Waco: The History and Beliefs of an Apocalyptic  Sect. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. Reavis, Dick. The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation. New York: Syracuse University Press, 1995. Robinson, Bruce. â€Å"Branch Davidians: History, Beliefs, and Practices.† Religious Tolerance: Ontario Consultants on Relgious Tolerance. Web. Schwieder, Elmer Thomas Morain. A Peculiar People: Iowa’s Old Order Amish. Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1975. Tabor, James Eugene Gallagher. Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for the Religious Freedom  in America. California: University of California, 1995. Footnotes Nancy Gibbs, Michael Riley, Richard Woddbury, â€Å"The Branch Davidians: Oh, My God, They’re Killing Themselves,† Time Magazine Archives. Bruce Robinson, â€Å"Branch Davidians: History, Beliefs, and Practices,† Religious Tolerance: Ontario Consultants on Relgious Tolerance. Ibid. Ronald Lawson, â€Å"Seventh-Day Adventist Responses to Branch Davidian Notoriety: Patterns of Diversity within a Sect Reducing Tension with Society,† Journal for the Scientific Study  of Religion. 34(1995): 323. Robinson, p.1 Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Linda Edwards, A Brief Guide to Beliefs: Ideas, Theologies, Mysteries, and Movements, (Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press, 2001), 408. Robinson, p.1. Edwards, 408. Robinson, p.1. Ibid. Edwards, 408. Ibid. Ne wport, 4. Ibid. Revelations 5:3. New International Version. Ibid. Dick Reavis, The Ashes of Waco: An Investigation, (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1995), 102. Leon Morris, The Apostolic Preaching of the Cross, (Massachusetts: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1984), 129. Ibid. Edwards, 407. Kenneth Newport, The Branch Davidians of Waco: The History and Beliefs of an Apocalyptic  Ã‚  Sect, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 2. James Tabor Eugene Gallagher. Why Waco?: Cults and the Battle for the Religious Freedom  Ã‚  in America. (California: University of California, 1995), 1. Ibid. Newport, 1. Tabor Gallagher, 1. Ibid., 2. Ibid. Ibid. Todd Kerstetter, â€Å"That’s Just the American Way: The Branch Davidian Tragedy and Western Religious History,† The Western Historical Quarterly 35(2004), 453. Lawson, 323. Newport, 1. Tabor Gallagher, 2. Ibid. Newport, 1. Ibid., 5. Ibid. Tabor Gallagher, 4. Lawson, 323. Elmer Schwieder Thomas Morain, A Peculiar People : Iowa’s Old Order Amish, (Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 1975), 37. Bruce Murray, Religious Liberty in America: The First Amendment in Historical and  Ã‚  Contemporary Perspective, (MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2008), 24. Kerstetter, Todd. God’s Country, Uncle Sam’s Land: Faith and Conflict in the American West. (Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 2006), 134. Lane Crothers, Rage on the Right: The American Militia Movement from Ruby Ridge to  Homeland Security, (MD: Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc, 2003), 34. Gregg Lee Carter, Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture  And the Law, (California: ABC-CLIO, Inc.), 175. Ibid. Carter, 257. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid., 6. Ibid. Ibid.,7. Ibid. Ibid.

How Minority Voters Helped Obama Win Reelection

How Minority Voters Helped Obama Win Reelection Americans from ethnic minority groups voted en masse to help  President Barack Obama win reelection. While just 39 percent of white Americans voted for Obama on Election Day 2012, staggering amounts of blacks, Hispanics and Asians backed the president at the ballot box. The reasons for this are multifaceted, but minority voters largely supported the president because they felt that Republican candidate Mitt Romney could not relate to them. A national exit poll revealed that 81 percent of Obama supporters said the quality that mattered most to them in a presidential candidate is whether he â€Å"cares about people like me.† Romney, born into wealth and privilege, apparently didn’t fit the bill. The growing disconnect between Republicans and the diverse American electorate wasn’t lost on political analyst Matthew Dowd. He remarked on ABC News after the election that the Republican Party no longer reflects U.S. society, using a television show analogy to make his point. â€Å"Republicans right now are a ‘Mad Men’ party in a ‘Modern Family’ world,† he said. The rise in minority voters reveals how much the United States has changed from 25 years ago when the electorate was 90 percent white. If the demographics had not changed, its highly unlikely that Obama would have made it to the White House. Loyal African Americans Blacks may be the second largest minority group in the United States, but their share of the electorate is larger than any other community of color. On Election Day 2012, African Americans made up 13 percent of U.S. voters. Ninety-three percent of these voters supported Obama’s reelection bid, down just two percent from 2008. While the African  American community has been accused of favoring Obama precisely because he’s black, the group has a long history of loyalty to Democratic political candidates. John Kerry, who lost the 2004 presidential race to George W. Bush, won 88 percent of the black vote. Given that the black electorate was two percent larger in 2012 than it was in 2004, the group’s devotion to Obama undoubtedly gave him an edge. Latinos Break Voting Record More Latinos than ever before turned out at the polls on Election Day 2012. Hispanics made up 10 percent of the electorate. Seventy-one percent of these Latinos backed President Obama for reelection. Latinos likely backed Obama overwhelmingly over Romney because they supported the president’s Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) as well as his decision to stop deporting undocumented immigrants who arrived in the U.S. as children. Republicans widely vetoed the  legislation known as the DREAM Act, which would have not only protected such immigrants from deportation but also put them on the path to citizenship. Republican opposition to immigration reform has alienated Latino voters, 60 percent of whom say they know an unauthorized immigrant, according to a Latino Decisions poll taken on the eve of the 2012 election. Affordable health care is also a major concern of the Latino community. Sixty-six percent of Hispanics say the government should ensure that the public has access to health care, and 61 percent support Obamacare, according to Latino Decisions. Rising Influence of Asian Americans Asian Americans make up a small (3 percent) but a growing percentage of the U.S. electorate. An estimated 73 percent of Asian Americans voted for President Obama, Voice of America determined on Nov. 7 using preliminary exit poll data. Obama has strong ties to the Asian community. Hes not only a native of Hawaii but grew up partly in Indonesia and has a half-Indonesian sister. These aspects of his background likely resonated with some Asian Americans.   While Asian American voters don’t yet wield the influence that black and Latino voters do, expect them to be a bigger factor in the next presidential election.  The Pew Research Center reported in 2012 that the Asian American community has actually outpaced Hispanics as the fastest-growing immigrant group in the country. In the 2016 presidential election, Asian Americans are expected to make up five percent of voters, if not more.

Marketing Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marketing Paper - Essay Example This historical prospect aids the affiliation to identify and outline operational capabilities in an orderly fashion that creates space for enhancement of links and the identification of prospects for new efforts. These mappings can direct the firm to new prospects and identify technological limitations. Cumulative plans for specific projects provide another resolution. Instead of viewing each merchandise development prospect singly, they consider overtly all of the new merchandise development prospects under critical consideration by the affiliation. This is specifically pertinent in affiliations with numerous new merchandise development prospects simultaneously. Moreover, merchandise are grouped according to resources needed and contribution to the affiliation’s bottom-line (Hausler). Aggregate prospect arrangements aid the management to enhance the administration of new merchandise development by offering greater manning over the resource disbursement and use (Hausler). The prospects aid the affiliation’s management to identify where capabilities require improvement and how arranging projects may aid the affiliation, among showing the firm how the specific projects fit into its development prospects. Moreover, return mappings graphically represent the contributions of every team members to merchandise affluence in based on the time factor and available finances. Furthermore, their concentration is on the basis at which merchandise sales elicit adequate returns so that the affiliation’s initial business prospect in the enhancement is ensuing. In accomplishing this, the return mappings display the implication of their activities on the prospects general affluence (Hausler). Additionally, another mode of enhancing the speed and efficacy with which the new merchandise are inducted is to practice buying in the development process. Moreover, when purchasing

The Two Revelations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Two Revelations - Essay Example The supporters of evolution and those of Christianity work for the same purpose. Beecher argues that the idea of human life has always been based on development. Christianity seeks to develop man from his simplicity and ignorance to a superior being (spirit). There are those who identify the truth live by it and eventually are rewarded to share in the glory of God. In the same capacity, evolution explains man in the same context as an animal who develops from the simplicity of life to have a superior mind and life. This is the reason for the apparent existence of contradictions. However, both ideas seek to understand the truth of life and should, therefore, be identified in the same spirit.The Bible will always be invaluable even though the human mind develops science to the wildest of imaginations. The truth is never complete, satisfactory or understood without adherence to its compatibility to life situations. This comprehensive fact concludes the whole argument. Beecher does not w ant the purpose of this deep insight to be diverted but he is subjective in purpose. Therefore, the evolutionists and people of varied age, class, denominations, and beliefs are reminded never to undervalue the wholesomeness of the holy book. He cites a man who has cursed the Bible facing so many tribulations that he finds consolation in his mother’s Bible. Overall, the pursuit of the truth should never compromise losing heaven or faith in God. The argument proves this beyond doubt. It is a clear masterpiece of its own kind.

International Trade Essay Example for Free

International Trade Essay 1.0 International Trade International trade is exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, it represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. Trade among nations is thus essential for countries to obtain goods and services not available within their own borders either because resources are not indigenous or production technology is lacking. Trade also can serve as an important act of diplomacy between cooperating nations looking to support and be supported by one another or as a weapon of war to punish or harm countries with divergent agendas. 1.1 The reasons why countries trade include; 1.Haves and Have Nots In some cases, trade is essential for a country to obtain a product or resource not available within its sovereign territory. Middle Eastern countries, for example, have vast natural petroleum resources. Much of the world depends on trade with these oil-rich countries for fuel. The need for rare resources held by only a few nations has led to war throughout the course of world history when trade talks have broken down. 2.Keeping the Peace Some nations trade amongst themselves as a means of fostering good relations, not just to obtain imports or sell exports. In one form of ancient trade, some countries or tribes would pay tributes of gold or other goods in order to pass through foreign borders for purposes of further trade or travel. A healthy trade treaty is one of the first signs of positive relations between nations. 3.Specialized trade Some countries trade with other nations for particular goods and services because they either lack the technology to produce the goods themselves or the other countries can do it cheaper. One country may be very good, for example, at producing high quality cabinets and entertainment stands for large screen televisions. Another country may have dialed in to the most efficient means of producing high definition televisions that fit on the stands. It would benefit both countries to trade with one another for their different but complementary goods and services. 4.Trade as a Weapon Trade, or lack thereof, also can be used as a weapon to do harm to competing or belligerent countries. Powerful nations throughout history have used economic sanctions (essentially blocking and prohibiting trade) with other nations in order to punish or force political or behavioral change. Countries also often enter into strong trade agreements with the enemies of their enemies, such as trading weapons or nuclear arms to one nation that may be used against another. The United States has used economic sanctions on numerous occasions to cease trade with nations suspected of supporting terrorism. Economic sanctions can be slow to work or ineffective, however, if enough other nations are not on board with the country trying to dole out the punishment. 5.Unification of Trade Trade also can serve as the great unifier. Neighboring nation-states with shared borders and similar economic goals and endeavors can create common currencies and trade rules and regulations in order to further the agendas of all participants. In Europe in 2002, for example, 12 nations began using a common currency called the Euro, which has become stronger than the U.S. dollar. 1.2 The benefits of International Trade Some of the benefits countries accrue from trading with each other include; I.Export of goods and services is used as a means to finance imports of those products a country can’t produce within its boarders. II.Exports represent an injection of demand into the circular flow of income III.There is an improvement in economic welfare if countries specialize in the products in which they have a comparative advantage and then trade with other nations IV.Trade allows firms to exploit scale economies by operating in larger markets. Economies of scale lead to lower average costs of production that might be passed onto consumers V.International competition stimulates higher efficiency particularly for domestic monopolies. VI.Free trade provides greater choice for consumers and competition helps keep prices down. VII.Imports can help to satisfy excess demand from consumers acting as a safety valve for the economy. A trade deficit during an econo mic boom helps to reduce demand-pull inflation VIII.Trade in ideas stimulates product and process innovations that generates better products 1.3 Disadvantages of international trade Some disadvantages of trade are; I.Dependence may occur of one country on another. II.Smaller and local countries do not get to enjoy the international trade. III.International trade does not reduce the standard of living; it increases it, for all countries involved. IV.Firms that are not familiar with the trade rules and policies of overseas markets, will inevitably run into a wall, and may even encounter fraud.. V.Trade between countries only confer economic advantages when negotiated with countries which are significant trading partners 2.0 Trade Relations between Kenya and China and reasons why the two countries are trading; The Peoples Republic of China established the diplomatic relations with the Republic of Kenya on December 14, 1963. In the initial days of the establishment the relations between the two countries saw a fair development. After 1965, the relation of the two countries was lowered to be at the chargà © daffaires level and towards the beginning of 1970s it gradually returned to normal. In 1978, when President Daniel Arap Moi came in power, the relation of the two countries gained a fast development. With frequent mutual visits at high level the friendly cooperation has witnessed outstanding achievements in many fields. By the end of 2002 when a new government was formed after Mwai Kibaki was elected President, he expressed to hold a great account of the relations with China, willing to further deepen and expand the friendly cooperation between the two countries. 2.1 Volume of trade between China and Kenya Bilateral economy and trade relations and economic and technological cooperation have increased since the establishment of the diplomatic relations, the projects of aid and assistance provided by China to Kenya mainly include: Moi International Sports Center, methane-generating pit, the expansion project of Eldoret hospital, Gambogi-Serem Highway etc. In recent years, the bilateral trade value increased greatly. The Chinese exports to Kenya mainly include: household electric appliance, industrial and agricultural tools, textile goods, commodities for daily use, building materials and drugs and so on. The imported goods from Kenya mainly cover: black tea, coffee and leather-goods, etc. The year of 2002 saw the trade value between China and Kenya reach US$ 186.37 million, of which the Chinese export took up US$ 180.576 million while the import was US$ 5.798 million. The mutually beneficial cooperation between China and Kenya began in 1985. At present, there are over 20 Chinese companies doing their businesses in Kenya, such as Jiangsu International Economic and Technological Cooperation Co., Sichuan International Economic and Technological Cooperation Co. Ltd. and China Road Bridge Construction (Group) Corporation and China Import and Export (Group) Corporation for Complete Sets of Equipment and so on. Bilateral relations have been developing smoothly with the traditional friendship continuously deepened and friendly cooperation in all areas increasingly expanded. Bilateral economic and trade relations have scored new progress and both sides have made rapid headway in cooperation in the areas of electric power, communications, investment and project contract, achieved new results in humanities exchanges and maintained close consultations and cooperation in international affairs. The two countries have signed a number of bilateral accords over the past decades which have covered a variety of fields including the economy, technology, energy, tourism, health, aviation, the press, archaeology and education (Kenya, 2006). The bilateral economy and trade agreements signed between China and Kenya include: Agreement on Economic and Technological Cooperation between the Peoples Republic of China and the Republic of Kenya Agreement on Trade between the Peoples Republic of China and the Repub lic of Kenya(1978) Agreement on promotion and protection of investments in 2001. Diplomatic and economic ties between Kenya and China have grown exponentially in the recent past, with bilateral trade between the two countries sky-rocketing to Sh144 billion in 2010. However there is massive imbalance of trade that is in favor of China. According to provisional data by in Economic Survey 2010, Kenya exported Sh2.48 billion worth of goods to China in 2009 while imports from the Asian country stood at Sh74.5 billion. Apart from trade, the Kenyan government has, in the recent past, awarded Chinese firms numerous huge infrastructure contracts. These include; Sh27 billion Thika Road expansion contract that was awarded to Chinese Overseas Engineering Corporation, Syno Hydro and China Wu Yi; Jomo Kenyatta International Airport second phase upgrade contract that was awarded to China National Aero-Technology International Engineering Company. The first phase of the project was undertaken by China WU Yi. TBEA International, another Chinese company, is developing a 120MW thermal plant in Longonot and 600MW coal-fired power station in Mombasa as an independent power producer. The company is also undertaking other projects that involve construction of power lines and sub-stations throughout the country. Other Chinese companies carrying out projects in Kenya include Shengli Engineering Construction which is currently refurbishing the Moi International Sports Complex Kasarani at a cost of Sh1 billion and Great Wall Drilling which is exploring for geothermal energy in the Rift Valley. China is also slated to clinch the lucrative contr act for the construction of the country’s second port in Lamu. 2.2 Reasons the two countries are trading include; 1.Exchanges and cooperation in the fields of culture and education China and Kenya signed the agreement for cultural cooperation in September 1980. The two countries signed the protocol for the cooperation in higher education, according to which China provides Egerton University with apparatuses for teaching and researches with 2 teachers sent over to work there. Starting from 1982, China would provide Kenya every year with at least 10 scholarships. And in 2002, the Kenyan students studying in China came to 58 in all. In 1985, Chinas Xinhua News Agency set up a general branch office at Nairobi in Africa. 2.cooperation in the fields of military affairs In recent years, the military exchanges between China and Kenya are increasing. With military delegations from both countries visit the other. In March 1998, Kenya sent its military attachà © to its embassy in China 3.Established political and diplomatic relations between the two countries. Through signing of bilateral accords between the two countries, that cover a variety of fields including the economy, technology, energy, tourism, health, aviation, the press, archaeology and education. 4.Availability of business opportunities Kenya provides ready business for the highly advanced technology Chinese companies, for example Vision 2030 projects such as road construction, which awarded contracts to Chinese companies.

electronic payment method Essay -- essays research papers

1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduction ABC Company operates telecommunications business. Management prepares to launch a new service to the market. The researchers use data mining techniques to obtain information of market profile. This paper describes how Market Basket Analysis (MBA), Memory Based Reasoning (MBR) and Neural Networks (NN) analyze the data. The data analysis methods generate valuable information for ABC Company constructing the marketing campaign. Management evaluates the business problems, and converts into the data mining problems. Then they select the right data set and inputs into the data mining models. They collect information from data mining and use it to take actions. These actions bring values to the company. Management measures the results as a feedback to the other research projects. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Business Problems Telecommunications is a heavy competitive market. All telecommunications companies offer similar products and services. ABC Company plans to launch a new service - wireless broadband Internet access. The customers access Internet using GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) through their mobile phones. Although ABC Company captures about 40% of total market share, she understands that only delivery innovative service maintains sustainable competitive advantages. The competitors such as Sunday, SmartTone also plan to delivery some new services using broadband wireless communication. ABC Company performs data analysis to capture information of customers' attitudes and market situations. Obviously, a new product delivery is a marketing problem. It is suitable to transform into data analysis problem. Management uses techniques to capture the data. Management has a better understanding to existing market. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Question 1 - Data Analysis by Market Basket Analysis 3.1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Objectives By using MBA, ABC Company selects data from customer database. MBA is developed from the retail business. Researchers collect data of customers to see the joint consumed products. MBA uses information about what customer purchase. MBA gives insights into the merchandise by telling the researcher which products tend to be purchased together and which are most are enable to promotion. MBA provides the information that which product customers like to buy. AB... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  HK$ xxxx  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  :  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The researchers create a data set from the customer information database system. They are valuable input into the data analysis. Researchers easily extract information from the system. The researchers first determine which products that customer most desire, they are listed as following, †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use Internet access †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use email to transfer the message †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use call forwarding †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers use WAP phone to browse the Internet †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Customers are the heavily users